美国第一位作家JohnSmith最重要的作品,美国作家有哪些及作品

美国文学分为哪几个阶段？

6个阶段。

1、第一阶段：殖民时期（约1607-1765）

这一时期大约从1607年JohnSmith船长带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地Jamestown到1765殖民地人们愤怒抗议英国政府颁布的印花税法。

2、第二阶段：启蒙时期与独立战争时期（1765-18世纪末）

这是北美人民争取独立、建立美利坚和中和国的时期。18世纪30年代，在欧洲启蒙主义和自然神论等哲学思潮的影响下，上帝的作用大大削弱，清教徒们掀起一场“大觉醒”运动。

18世纪末期，北美大陆的政治形势发展很快，从1765年英国殖民者第一次反对英国政府的印花税到1789年美国联邦政府成立，文学作品主要围绕着革命的必要性、革命的前途和方向、政府的形式与性质等问题。

3、浪漫主义时期（1800-1865）

19世纪初，美国完全摆脱了对英国的依赖，以独立国家的身份进入世界政治舞台。民族文学开始全面繁荣，逐渐打破英国文学在美国的垄断局面。

这时期作家们跟英国浪漫主义作家一样，强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式和观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。特别是以爱默生为代表的超验主义（Transcendentalism）的倡导, 这些作家们主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，摒弃以神为中心的清教教义。

4、现实主义时期（1865-1918）

南北战争（1861-1865）以后到第一次世界大战爆发，美国完成了从农业社会到工业社会的转化，社会面貌和经济生活开始发生急剧的变化。工业化带来了蓬勃兴旺的发展，同时也带来了政治日趋腐败，政界丑闻屡见不鲜，是人们重新认识新的生活和新开发的土地。于是乡土文学得到了很大的发展。

5、现代主义时期（1918-1945）

自20世纪开始，美国文学进入新的时代。第一次世界大战对美国人的思想和精神面貌产生极大的影响。人们对于自由民主的信念开始动摇，普遍感到迷茫，甚至绝望。他们不再把希望寄托在未来，而是强调“只争朝夕”，“及时行乐”。

这个阶段是美国文学的第二次文艺复兴，大繁荣时期，大量作品涌现而出，作家们一心寻求能否反映社会分崩离析和道德沦丧的手法技。诗歌上也有很大突破。

6、当代文学（1945-）

第二次世界大战后，在美国作家的眼里，历来向往的“美国梦”变成了梦魇；民主的理想、个人的追求、宗教的信仰不复存在。传统的道德观念、价值体系失去了作用；现代人和历史失去联系；没有前途和未来，又无法与他人沟通思想感情，只能永远在孤独异化的困境之中。

这一切反映在文学上，产生了50年代排斥一切文化和价值观念的“垮掉的一代”（theBeat Generation）作家。60年代后，无论小说还是是个都以人的异化为主题，用夸张的手法、荒唐可笑的情节表现人的困境。“黑色幽默”（BlackHumor）、“荒诞派戏剧”（Theatreof the Absurd）等流派相继出现。

参考资料来源：百度百科-美国文学

john smith的英文简介

John Smith (died 1809) was a professor at Dartmouth College and the author of the first unpointed Hebrew grammar book published in the United States.

Smith was born in Byfield, Massachusetts. After graduating from Dartmouth, he moved to West Hartford, Connecticut, and became a pastor. In 1777, he returned to Dartmouth as a professor in of English, Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Aramaic.

Smith arrived in Hanover in 1771 after graduating from Byefield Academy where he had studied under the classical scholar Samuel Moody. He was admitted to the junior class and graduated in 1773. He then studied divinity under Dartmouth President Eleazar Wheelock while serving as tutor in ancient languages for the freshman and sophomore classes. In 1776 he was granted the degree of Master of Arts. He was then appointed Dartmouth's first professor in November 1777. The agreement between Eleazar Wheelock and John Smith was written in November 1777 and amended by Dartmouth's Trustees in August 1778.

From his early interest in Greek and Latin, he soon proceeded to master Hebrew, Chaldaic, Arabic and other oriental languages. In 1780 he also prepared an interesting set of lectures on Natural Philosophy covering Newtonian astronomy and earth science, in which he speculated on the possibility of multiple peopled worlds and the origin of the Indians. These lectures seem to have stimulated his students Solomon Spaulding and Ethan Smith to further speculate on the later subject.

In 1779 Smith also was appointed college librarian. After the death of Professor of Divinity Sylvanus Ripley in 1787, he absorbed Ripley's duties. In 1788 Smith was also appointed to the Board of Trustees. He also was pastor of the College Church and led the daily chapel sessions.

In the late 1790s and early 19th century he prepared a remarkable set of theological lectures that covered various aspects of the details of his Armininan (free will), non Calvinist thinking. All of his published grammars and unpublished lectures and grammars can be found in the Rauner Special collections library at Dartmouth.

His theological work was so appreciated by the Freewill Baptists at Brown that he was granted a Doctor of Divinity degree in 1803. He was in the final stages of preparing his theology lectures for publication in 1809 when he died. His work generally anticipated the efforts of Joseph Smith's development of Mormon doctrine.

Smith died from tuberculosis in 1809.

美国的第一个作家是谁？作品是啥、？

美国作家哈特

(1836—1902)

．他当过小学教师、淘金工人、排字工人和新闻记者．1868

年,

他的幽默小说代表作、短篇小说《咆哮营的幸运儿》的正式发表,